home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- <text id=90TT2996>
- <title>
- Nov. 12, 1990: Europe:An Island No More
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- Nov. 12, 1990 Ready For War
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- WORLD, Page 49
- EUROPE
- An Island No More
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Hello! Allo! Britain literally joins Europe as tunnel workers
- link up under the English Channel
- </p>
- <p>By CHRISTOPHER REDMAN/PARIS--With reporting by Anne
- Constable/ London and Tala Skari/Sangatte
- </p>
- <p> As the sea gull flies, the distance is not great: 21 miles
- from Cape Gris-Nez in France to the famous white chalk cliffs
- of Dover on the English side. Yet down the centuries the narrow
- neck of water separating Britain and France has served as one
- of Europe's most enduring physical and psychological barriers.
- Only twice have armies crossed it to invade Britain: the Roman
- legions in 54 B.C. and the one led by William, Duke of Normandy,
- in 1066. Secure on their sceptered isle, Britons developed their
- own proud brand of insularity, summed up as "splendid isolation"
- during the palmy Victorian era.
- </p>
- <p> A century later, despite Britain's belated entry into the
- European Community in 1973, the effects of the country's
- psychological detachment were still on display last week when
- Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's go-it-alone refusal to join
- the rest of the European Community in plans for political and
- monetary union prompted the resignation of Deputy Prime Minister
- Sir Geoffrey Howe. Ignoring his gentle nudgings toward greater
- European cooperation, Thatcher declared, "In my view, we have
- surrendered enough."
- </p>
- <p> But the days of isolation mentality are numbered. Last week
- Britain ceased to be an island for the first time since the end
- of the last Ice Age, when meltwater covered the land bridge
- joining the British Isles to the mainland. On Oct. 30 a team of
- workers at the face of the French section of the service tunnel
- that is being bored 131 ft. below the bed of the Channel waited
- for a thin steel probe, drilled from the British side, to pierce
- the wall of chalk marl in front of them. The 2-in.-diameter
- aperture opened by the probe could not be seen at first, but
- then the British crew sent a blast of compressed air through the
- hole, blowing out the last crumbs of marl.
- </p>
- <p> The probe breakthrough confirmed that French and British
- tunnelers were within striking distance of completing the first
- tunnel under the English Channel. Measurements taken through the
- probe hole showed the two approaches were out of line by a
- horizontal distance of only 20 in. after huge boring machines
- had chewed their way through 24 miles of undersea chalk. Said
- a spokesman for TransManche Link, the Anglo-French consortium
- responsible for design and construction: "It was like throwing
- out a line to the moon and getting within a 10-ft. circle." The
- remaining 325 or so feet of chalk separating the two tunnels
- will now be excavated, and on Dec. 1, nearly three years after
- digging began, a large enough gallery will have been shaped to
- enable men from the two sides to meet.
- </p>
- <p> After some rocky debates over responsibility for cost
- overruns, the international consortium of banks that provided
- the bulk of the financing for the project has agreed to put up
- an extra $6 billion to complete the project, which will have a
- total cost of $14.7 billion. In addition, $3 billion will be
- raised this month from a share offering.
- </p>
- <p> The breakthrough confirmed that Britain is destined to
- become a more integral part of the Continent. The tunnel,
- commonly called the Chunnel, is scheduled to be completed in the
- summer of 1993, in time to benefit from the 12-nation European
- Community's plans to dismantle all internal barriers to the
- movement of goods, services and people.
- </p>
- <p> The service tuunel in which last week's breakthrough
- occurred lies between two larger railroad tunnels, not as close
- to completion, through which Chunnel traffic will be carried.
- By the year 2003, an average of 54,500 passengers on the railway
- trains are forecast to transit the tunnel daily. The vehicles
- will be carried on shuttle trains initially running at least
- every 15 minutes at peak periods and making the crossing in 35
- minutes. Alternating will be passenger trains, while freight
- will trundle through in off-peak hours. For motorists, travel
- time between Paris and London will shrink somewhat, but for
- rail passengers the ride will be cut from 12 hours to three. The
- Chunnel will make rail and air roughly comparable in terms of
- the clock, if time spent getting to and from airports is
- counted.
- </p>
- <p> On the French side, the project has served as a magnet,
- attracting high-velocity rail lines and new highways that will
- speed travelers from Britain into Europe's expanding transport
- network. By contrast, residents of Britain's prosperous rural
- Kent have opposed construction and the industrialization that
- will follow. British road and rail systems--which include no
- high-speed equipment--remain inadequate. Thatcher's government
- spends only a fraction of France's commitment to improving
- infrastructure. Many businessmen fear that Britain's failure to
- take full advantage of the Chunnel link will not make it easier
- for them to compete in the new Europe.
- </p>
- <p> But the problem goes deeper. Last week, when news of the
- Chunnel breakthrough was announced, the Sun, Britain's leading
- tabloid, cautioned its readers. "It won't be long before the
- garlic-breathed bastilles will be here in droves once the
- Channel Tunnel is open." Deep in the British psyche there is a
- conservatism about ending the island-nation status. Labour Party
- transport spokesman John Prescott calls thisa attitude one of
- England's greatest problems. "We're going to have to be more
- reoriented toward Europe," he says. In spite of Britain's
- reservations, when the main breakthrough occurs on Dec. 1, men
- will meet, clasp hands and celebrate the fulfillment of a dream
- that has been alive for more than two centuries.
- </p>
- <p>With reporting by Anne Constable/London and Tala Skari/Sangatte.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-